Neoliberalism

Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Neoliberalism shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Neoliberalism offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Neoliberalism at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Neoliberalism? Wrong! If the Neoliberalism is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Neoliberalism then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Neoliberalism? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Neoliberalism and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Neoliberalism wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Neoliberalism then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Neoliberalism site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Neoliberalism, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Neoliberalism, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

Neoliberalism refers to a political social movement that espouses economic liberalism as a means of promoting economic development and securing political liberty. The movement is sometimes described as an effort to revert to the economic policies of the 18th and 19th centuries classical liberalism.Portes, Alejandro (1997) "Neoliberalism and the Sociology of Development: Emerging Trends and Unanticipated Facts" Population and Development Review, 23(2): 229-259 Strictly in the context of English-language usage the term is an abbreviation of "neoclassical liberalism", since in other languages liberalism has more or less retained its classical meaning.

Overview Neoliberalism refers to a historically-specific reemergence of economic liberalism's influence among economic scholars and policy-makers during the 1970s and through at least the late-1990s, and possibly into the present (its continuity is a matter of dispute). In many respects, the term is used to denote a group of neoclassical economics-influenced economic theories, right-wing Libertarianism political philosophies, and political rhetoric that portrayed government control over the economy as inefficient, corrupt or otherwise undesirable. Neoliberalism is not a unified economic theory or political philosophy — it is a label denoting an apparent shift in social-scientific and political sentiments that manifested themselves in theories and political platforms supporting a reform of largely centralized postwar economic institutions in favor of decentralized ones — and few supporters of neoliberal policies use the word itself. Neoliberal arguments gained a great deal of currency after the Stagflation Crisis of the 1970s, the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s (which primarily affected Latin America but was felt elsewheresee Sachs, Jeffrey (ed.) (1989) Developing Country Debt and the World Economy (Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research)), and the History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991) of the early-1990s. Neoliberalism is known as compassionate liberalism in that it is to bring compassion to the people of a nation through social equality, and employment freedoms, and civil rights.

Policies Advanced by Neoliberalism Broadly speaking, neoliberalism seeks to transfer control over the economic from the public to private sectorCohen, Joseph Nathan (2007) "The Impact of Neoliberalism, Political Institutions and Financial Autonomy on Economic Development, 1980 - 2003" Dissertation, Department of Sociology, Princeton University. Defended June 2007. The definitive statement of the concrete policies advocated by neoliberalism is often taken to be John Williamson'sWilliamson, John (1990) "What Washinngton Means by Policy Reform" in John Williamson, ed. Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics "Washington Consensus" , a list of policy proposals that appeared to have gained consensus approval among the Washington-based international economic organizations (like the IMF and World Bank). Williamson's list includedRodrik, Dani (1996) "Understanding Economic Policy Reform" Journal of Economic Literature 34(1): 9 - 41:

Fiscal rectitude, meaning that governments would cut expenditures and/or raise taxes to maintain a budget surplus
Competitive exchange rates, whereby governments would accept market-determined exchange rates, as opposed to implemented government-fixed exchange rates, as had prevailed under the Bretton Woods System
Free trade, which means the removal of trade barriers, like tariffs, subsidies, and regulatory trade barriers
Privatization, which means the transfer of previously-public-owned enterprises, goods, and services to the private sector.
Undistorted market prices, meaning that governments would refrain from policies that would alter market prices.
Limited intervention, with the exception of intervention designed to promote exports, some kinds of education or infrastructural development.Rodrik, Dani (1996) "Understanding Economic Policy Reform" Journal of Economic Literature 34(1): 9 - 41

Other studies also cite the following policy changes associated with neoliberalismCohen, Joseph Nathan and Miguel Centeno (2006) "Neoliberalism and Patterns of Economic Performance" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 606(1): 32-67:

Reduced capital controls, which involve removing governments laws that hinder or control the cross-border flow of finance
Deregulation, the abolition or reduction of government-imposed restrictions on the conduct of business' decision-making
Union busting policies, as unions are generally taken to be impediments to economic development by adherents of this worldview
Export-oriented industrialization, as opposed to a development strategy that emphasizes the protection of domestic industry

History Before Neoliberalism Arguments that stress the economic benefits of Free market first began to appear with Adam Smith's (1776) Wealth of Nations and David Hume's writings on commerce. These writings were directed against the Mercantilism ideas that had been dominant during the previous centuries, and served to guide the policies of governments throughout much of the 19th century. Nevertheless, statist ideas slowly began to regain a following amongst the intellectuals that had rejected them during the early Enlightenment. While state interventionism increased towards the end of the 19th century, the Progressive Era saw an accelerated movement to re-institutionalize government controls over the economy.

With an intellectual and political foundation in place, the onset of the Great Depression and the rapid industrialization of the Soviet Union led to increased support for government economic control as a means of securing rapid industrialization.Hobsbawm, Eric (1994) Age of Extremes (Vintage) By the end of World War II, many countries decided to expand their governments dramatically.

Across much of the world, the economics of John Maynard Keynes, which sought to formulate the means by which governments could stabilize and fine-tune free markets, became a highly-influential ideology. Within the developing world, several developments - among them decolonization, a desire for national independence and the destruction of the pre-war global economy Sachs, Jeffrey and Andrew Warner (1995) "Economic Reforms and the Process of Global Integration" Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: 1 - 118, and the view that countries could not effectively industrialize under free market systems (e.g., the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis) - encouraged economic policies that were influenced by communist, socialist and import substitution precepts.

An Economic Golden Age The period of government interventionism in the 1950s and 1960s was characterized by exceptional economic prosperity, as economic growth was generally high, inflation was containedFischer, Stanley, Ratna Sahay and Carlos A. Veigh (2002) "Modern Hyper- and High Inflations" Journal of Economic Literature: 837 - 880., and distribution of wealth was comparatively equalizedFor example, see Piketty, Thomas and Emmanuel Saez (2003) "Income Inequality in the United States" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1):1-38. This era is known as les Trente Glorieuses ("The Glorious Thirty ") or "Golden Age", a reference to many countries having experienced particularly high levels of prosperity between (roughly) WWII and 1973.

The System Collapses By the late-1960s, however, the statist systems that had been instituted during the 1930s showed strains. Some of these strains can be located in the international financial system.Helleiner, Eric (1994) States and the Resurgence of Global Finance: From Bretton Woods to the 1990s (Ithaca: Cornell University Press)Block, Fred (1977) The Origins of International Economic Disorder: A Study of U.S. International Monetary Policy from WWII to the Present (Berkeley: University of California Press), and culminated in the dissolution of the Bretton Woods system, which some argue had set the stage for the Stagflation that would discredit Keynesianism in the English-speaking world. In addition, some argue that the postwar economic system was premised on a society that excluded women and minorities from economic opportunities, and the political and economic integration given to these groups strained the postwar system.Piore, Michael J. and Charles F. Sabel (1984) The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity (New York: Basic)

Early Developments Monetarism & the Chicago School The policies that would be enacted by those like Pinochet, Thatcher and Reagan would in part rest on the intellectual victories of Chicago School (economics) theorists under the leadership of Milton Friedman.

Early Implementation of Neoliberal Policies by Policy-Makers Within the context of these economic crises, political movements championing the deinstitutionalization of state economic controls gained traction. Three examples include the Chilean regime of Augusto Pinochet, the British government of Margaret Thatcher and the US administration of Ronald Reagan.

Pinochet's Chile An often-cited early implementation of neoliberal policies followed in the Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet 1973 Chilean coup d'état. Pinochet's coup took place in the context of economic crisis under the government of Socialist Party of Chile Salvador Allende, and proposals for free market reforms are often argued to have been championed by the so-called Chicago Boys, members of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile who had strong ties to Chicago school (economics)Yergin, Daniel and Joseph Stanislav (2002) The Commending Heights: The Battle for Control of the World Economy (New York: Free Press). Supporters of neoliberalism often cite to so-called Miracle of Chile as an example of the positive economic benefits of free market policies.. Detractors of these changes have argued that the human costs of these changes were large.

Thatcher's Britain Margaret Thatcher was Britain's Conservative Party (UK) Prime Minister of the United Kingdom between 1979 and 1990. Thatcher was elected to the Prime Minister's office while the British economy stagnated. She, along with follow Conservative Keith Joseph, sought to resolve these problems through the dismantling of Britain's elaborate government economic controls, taking a tough stance against Britain's then-striking unions (during the so-called 1978-1979 Winter of Discontent), and by the prioritization of inflation control (even at the expense of unemployment and economic growth).

Reagan's America The Presidency of Ronald Reagan governend from 1981 to 1989, and made a range of decisions that served to liberalize the American economy. In 1981, he Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968), resulting in the de-certification of the Air Traffic Controllers union later that year. These firings heralded a period of long decline for American unions, which served as a strong political counterweight to business and other interests that traditionally support liberalization. He is also credited with policies that cut taxes for the wealthy (which was claimed to help the economy via Trickle-down economics) and deregulation much of the American economy. These policies are often described as Reaganomics, and are often associated with supply-side economics (the notion that policies should appeal to producers, rather than consumers, in order to cultivate economic prosperity). The Reagan administration presided over the greatest rise in economic inequality in twentieth century American historysee Piketty, Thomas and Emmanuel Saez (2003) "Income Inequality in the United States" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(1):1-38 and oversaw an enormous increase in United States public debt, but his supporters credit him with overseeing a recovery from the Stagflation crisis of the 1970s and America's victory in the Cold War.

Other English-Speaking Countries The neoliberal policies saw an early adoption in the Anglosphere. In Canada, these policies are often associated with Brian Mulroney. In New Zealand, these policy changes are often attributed to Roger Douglas, and called Rogernomics.

Assessments of the Reach and Effects of Neoliberalism Neoliberalism's Reach Neoliberal movements ultimately changed the world's economies in many ways, but some analysts argue that the extent to which the world has liberalized may often be overstated. Some of the past thirty years' changes are clear and unambiguous, likeCohen, Joseph Nathan and Miguel Centeno (2006) "Neoliberalism and Patterns of Economic Performance" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 606(1): 32-67:

Growth in international trade and cross-border capital flows
Elimination of trade barriers
Cutbacks in defense spending, although it is unclear whether these reductions are associated with neoliberalism or the peace dividend that was supposed to accrue at the end of the Cold War
Cutbacks in public sector employment
The privatization of previously public-owned enterprises

Other changes are not so apparent, and are debated in the literatureCohen, Joseph Nathan and Miguel Centeno (2006) "Neoliberalism and Patterns of Economic Performance" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 606(1): 32-67:

Reduction in the size of governments. Governments do not appear to have shrunk wholesale. With the exception of exceptionally high-spending government, the distribution of government expenditures (as a percentage of GDP) appear to have stayed the same since 1980. Most of the cuts to government spending appear to have been a temporary phenomenon that took place during the 1990s
Social welfare spending. Governments have generally spent more on health, education, social security, welfare and housing

Criticisms of Neoliberalism "The standard neoliberal policy package includes cutting back on taxes and government social spending; eliminating tariffs and other barriers to free trade; reducing regulations of labor markets, financial markets, and the environment; and focusing macroeconomic policies on controlling inflation rather than stimulating the growth of jobs," reports economist Robert Pollin (2003). Pollin, Robert. 2003. Contours of Descent: U.S. Economic Fractures and the Landscape of Global Austerity. New York: Verso: 196. Arising out of a rejection of the class compromises embedded in previous liberal political-economic policies, including Keynesian and Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs), neoliberal theory, institutions, policies, and practices are not regarded as politically neutral by their opponents.

Economists remind us that free markets are theoretically efficient, not fair,Blount-Lyon, Sally. 2002. “Grand Illusion: Contrary to Popular Belief, Free Markets Never Were Fair.” SternBusiness, Fall/Winter. http://www.stern.nyu.edu/Sternbusiness/fall_winter_2002/grandillusions.html. and this distinction is a foundation of the critique of neoliberalism. Opponents critique neoliberalism's effects on wages, working class institutions, inequality, social mobility, working class well-being, health, the environment, and democracy. Notable opponents to neoliberalism in theory or practice include economists Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen, and Robert Pollin, Pollin, Robert. 2003. Contours of Descent: U.S. Economic Fractures and the Landscape of Global Austerity. New York: Verso. linguist Noam Chomsky,Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order. Seven Stories Press. November, 1998. ISBN 1888363827 geographer David Harvey (geographer),Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. the anti-globalization movement in general, including groups such as ATTAC. The economists and policy analysts at the Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA) offer Progressivism policy alternatives to neoliberal policies. In addition, a significant opposition to neoliberalism has grown in Latin America, a region that has been a target of neoliberal policies. Prominent Latin American opponents include the Zapatista Army of National Liberation rebellion, and the governments of Venezuela, and Cuba.

Critics of neoliberalism view neoliberalism as both an economic and political project aimed at reconfiguring class relations in societies. Not only have many core countries' labor aristocracy families been forced to have more than one income-earner, but workers have been so heavily disciplined by capital and the capitalist state that, as Alan Greenspan said, they are "traumatized". Pollin, Robert. 2003. Contours of Descent: U.S. Economic Fractures and the Landscape of Global Austerity. New York: Verso: 53. Daniel Brook's "The Trap: Selling Out to Stay Afloat in Winner-Take-All America" (2007) describes the anti-democratic political effect of decreased middle class welfare.Brooks, Daniel. 2007. The Trap: Selling Out to Stay Afloat in Winner-Take-All America. New York: Times Books. The massive U.S. military-industrial complex adds an extra layer of repression to working class "traumatization," according to David Harvey (2005), making resistance seem unfeasible to most workers. A "traumatized" working class allows the capitalist class absolute reign, which Harvey claims--citing the economic crises of 1873 and the 1920s--to be disastrous for economies around the globe, states, and working class people; though, he points out, on average capitalists were not negatively impacted by these crises.Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 153

Critics of neoliberalism sometimes refer to it as the "American Model", which they find promotes low wages and high inequality.Howell, David R. and Mamadou Diallo. 2007. "Charting U.S. Economic Performance with Alternative Labor Market Indicators: The Importance of Accounting for Job Quality." SCEPA Working Paper 2007-6. According to the economists Howell and Diallo (2007), neoliberal policies have contributed to a U.S. economy in which 30% of workers earn "low wages" (less than two-thirds the median wage for full-time workers), and 35% of the labor force is "underemployed"; only 40% of the working age population in the U.S. is considered adequately employed. The Center for Economic Policy Research's (CEPR) Dean Baker (2006) has shown that the driving force behind rising inequality in the United States has been a series of deliberate, neoliberal policy choices including anti-inflationary bias, anti-unionism, and profiteering in the health industry.Baker, Dean. 2006. "Increasing Inequality in the United States." Post-autistic Economics Review 40. However, countries have applied neoliberal policies at varying levels of intensity; for example, the OECD has calculated that only 6% of Swedish workers are beset with low wages.OECD. 2007. “OECD Employment Outlook. Statistical Annex.” http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/27/38749309.pdf. John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR have analyzed the effects of intensive Anglo-American neoliberal policies in comparison to continental European neoliberalism, concluding "The U.S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration. At the same time, the available evidence provides little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes. Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility" than all the continental European countries for which data is available.Schmitt, John and Ben Zipperer. 2006. "Is the U.S. a Good Model for Reducing Social exclusion in Europe?" Post-autistic Economics Review 40.

Critics of neoliberalism examine the political foundations of the neoliberal project as well as its economic foundations. One of the most famous moments in neoliberal political history occurred when then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan's advisors had him Savings and Loan crisis#Deregulation and other causes. This was promoted with the claim that a gigantic bonanza of growth and investment was sure to follow. Reagan signed the Garn - St Germain Depository Institutions Act in 1982, saying, "All in all, I think we've hit the jackpot." Columnist Joe Conason has argued that "The best reckoning of the costs of his benign intentions is a trillion dollars." Conason, Joe. 2004. "Reagan without Sentimentality." Salon.com, June 8. http://dir.salon.com/story/opinion/conason/2004/06/08/reagan/index.html. While Reagan and the United Kingdom's Margaret Thatcher laid the groundwork for what Alan Greenspan called working class "traumatization", through eliminating collective assets by sales to the private sector, enacting policies to diminish labor unions, and promoting militarization, other politicians have steadily continued the neoliberal tradition.

According to Pollin (2003), neoliberalism under the U.S. Presidency of Bill Clinton--steered by Alan Greenspan and Robert Rubin-- was the temporary and unstable policy inducement of economic growth via government-supported financial and housing market speculation, with low unemployment, but also with low inflation. This unusual coincidence was made possible by the disorganization and dispossession of the American working class.Pollin, Robert. 2003. Contours of Descent: U.S. Economic Fractures and the Landscape of Global Austerity. New York: Verso. Berkeley sociologist Angela Davis has argued and Princeton sociologist Bruce Western has shown that the astonishingly high rate of incarceration in the U.S. (1 out of every 37 American adults is in the prison system), heavily promoted by the Clinton administration, is the neoliberal U.S. policy tool for keeping unemployment statistics low, and stimulating economic growth through maintaining a contemporary slave population within the U.S. and promoting prison construction and militarized policing.Western, Bruce. 2006. Punishment and Inequality in America. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Harvey (2005) sums up neoliberalism as a global capitalist class power restoration project. Neoliberalism, he explains, is a theory of political-economic practices that dedicates the state to championing private property rights, free markets, and free trade, while deregulating business and privatizing collective assets. Ideologically, neoliberals promote entrepreneurialism as the normative source of human happiness. Harvey also considers neoliberalization a form of capitalist "creative destruction", a Schumpeterian concept.Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press: 2-3. This indicates that while neoliberalism is a critical concept with a critique of capitalist class relations, it is not strictly a Marxist concept; the Marxist term for neoliberalism is "primitive accumulation."

Harvey (2000) observes that neoliberalism has become hegemonic world-wide, sometimes by coercion. Opponents of neoliberalism argue that neoliberalism is the implementation of global capitalism through government/military Economic interventionism to protect the interests of multinational corporations. Even neoliberal proponent Thomas Friedman has argued approvingly, “The hidden hand of the market will never work without a hidden fist."Friedman, Thomas. 2000. The Lexus and the Olive Tree. Anchor Press. In its commitment to belligerent capitalism, neoliberalism is linked to neoconservatism. In fact other critics argue that not only is neoliberalism's critique of socialism wrong but that it cannot deliver the liberty that is supposed to be one of its strong points.Luke Martell, 'Rescuing the Middle Ground: Neoliberalism and Associational Socialism', Economy and Society, 22, 1, February 1993.

The State-centric Approach to Neoliberalism The state-centric approach to neoliberalism concurs with the critical approach that neoliberal ideas are really just laissez-faire liberal prescriptions that overthrew Keynesianism. State-centric theorists hold that neoliberalism is "the attempt to reduce the role of the state in the market through tax cuts, decreases in social spending, deregulation, and privatization."Prasad, Monica. 2006. The Politics of Free Markets: The Rise of Neoliberal economic Policies in Britain, France, Germany, & The United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. *Note the publisher is one of the foundational neoliberal incubator institutions. However, the state-centric approach argues that state actors were the political entrepreneurs who formulated neoliberalism--rather than, as critics of neoliberalism would claim, capitalist political organizations, and economists and economic departments, think tanks, and politicians all supported by class-conscious capitalists. State-centric theorists argue that neoliberalism spread because it fit the voters' preferences best; they disagree in this with the critical approach, which maintains that neoliberal framing and policies were propagated by well-heeled, highly organized political machines that insisted to the public, "There is no alternative". State-centric sociologist Monica Prasad (2006) further argues that neoliberalism became dominant where labor institutions were too strong and confrontative; she claims that labor organizations and the welfare state were the strongest in the U.S. and England. In this way Neoliberalism has brought compassion to the people of the free world.

Response to Criticisms Proponents of neoliberalism criticize the protectionist policies that were supported by advocates of mixed economies for the difficulties that these workers are enduring, as they theorize that artificially higher wages attract workers that would otherwise have been employed in other, more competitive sectors of the economy, unless Active Labor Market Policies ALMPs were in place to intervene.

Proponents of neoliberalism argue that the greatest cause of wealth disparity and class immobility is a powerful centralized State that concentrates wealth to those closest to the inner circles of political power:Washington is all about the money, B. Reich writes. In 2005, the Census Bureau listed seven suburban counties around the capital as among the 20 richest in the country. And it’s not just Republicans cashing in on their service. “Upon leaving office,” he notes, “more than half of the senior officials in the Clinton administration became corporate lobbyists.”STEPHEN, K: "Dangers of a Turbocharged Economy", The New York Times, 2007

They also point out that large corporations and individuals well-entrenched in the business world have an advantage over small startup businesses and individuals with less capital and business experience in navigating a highly regulated economy that requires high legal/accounting compliance costs to operate in.

Comparison to Other Ideologies Neoliberalism and social liberalism are both forms of liberalism but with different purposes. Social liberalism is defined with individual and social liberty while neoliberalism is primarily based on economic liberty. There is also a difference between neoliberalism and paleoliberalism. The term paleoliberalism has been used to define those in the US Democratic Party who are strongly against free trade.

Many neoliberals have been defined as neoconservatives and vice versa. The main difference between the two groups has mainly to do with defence and foreign policy. Neoconservatives favor huge defence budgets and foreign interventions. Neoliberals are opposed to this since it leads to large deficits and debt.

The term libertarian has also been used to define neoliberals, but there are key differences between the two groups. Libertarians believe in eliminating government completely. Neoliberals believe in less government since government does need to play some role in areas such as healthcare, education, infrastructure and border security. There is also a difference on social issues. Libertarians are generally very liberal on social issues since they all support individual liberties. Many neoliberals are socially conservative.

See also

Capitalism
Economic liberalism
Free market
Globalization
Liberalisation
Liberism
Libertarianism
Market fundamentalism
Neoconservatism
Neosocialism
Ordoliberalism
Privatization

References

Bowles, Samuel, David M. Gordon, and Thomas E. Weisskopf. 1989. "Business Ascendancy and economic Impasse: A Structural Retrospective on Conservative Economics, 1979-87." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(1):107-134.

External links

What is Neoliberalism? by Dag Einar Thorsen and Amund Lie of the University of Oslo
Neoliberalism: origins, theory, definition by Paul Treanor
A Skeptic's Guide to the Cross-national Evidence by D Rodrik, F Rodriguez. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2000.
The Last Development Crusade
ATTAC
"Monetarism" at The New School's Economics Department's History of Economic Thought website.
Adam Curtis' The Trap (television documentary series) (2007) provides a critical anti-managerial view on the genesis, rise, and impact of neoliberalism. It uses a history of ideas approach to the subject.
'Rescuing the Middle Ground: Neoliberalism and Associational Socialism', debate between neoliberal and socialist
IDENTITIES: How Governed, Who Pays?

Online Lectures

The Neoliberal City, David Harvey at the University Channel

Fiscal rectitude, meaning that governments would cut expenditures and/or raise taxes to maintain a budget surplus
Competitive exchange rates, whereby governments would accept market-determined exchange rates, as opposed to implemented government-fixed exchange rates, as had prevailed under the Bretton Woods System
Free trade, which means the removal of trade barriers, like tariffs, subsidies, and regulatory trade barriers
Privatization, which means the transfer of previously-public-owned enterprises, goods, and services to the private sector.
Undistorted market prices, meaning that governments would refrain from policies that would alter market prices.
Limited intervention, with the exception of intervention designed to promote exports, some kinds of education or infrastructural development.Rodrik, Dani (1996) "Understanding Economic Policy Reform" Journal of Economic Literature 34(1): 9 - 41

Reduced capital controls, which involve removing governments laws that hinder or control the cross-border flow of finance
Deregulation, the abolition or reduction of government-imposed restrictions on the conduct of business' decision-making
Union busting policies, as unions are generally taken to be impediments to economic development by adherents of this worldview
Export-oriented industrialization, as opposed to a development strategy that emphasizes the protection of domestic industry

Growth in international trade and cross-border capital flows
Elimination of trade barriers
Cutbacks in defense spending, although it is unclear whether these reductions are associated with neoliberalism or the peace dividend that was supposed to accrue at the end of the Cold War
Cutbacks in public sector employment
The privatization of previously public-owned enterprises

Reduction in the size of governments. Governments do not appear to have shrunk wholesale. With the exception of exceptionally high-spending government, the distribution of government expenditures (as a percentage of GDP) appear to have stayed the same since 1980. Most of the cuts to government spending appear to have been a temporary phenomenon that took place during the 1990s
Social welfare spending. Governments have generally spent more on health, education, social security, welfare and housing

Capitalism
Economic liberalism
Free market
Globalization
Liberalisation
Liberism
Libertarianism
Market fundamentalism
Neoconservatism
Neosocialism
Ordoliberalism
Privatization

References

Bowles, Samuel, David M. Gordon, and Thomas E. Weisskopf. 1989. "Business Ascendancy and economic Impasse: A Structural Retrospective on Conservative Economics, 1979-87." Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(1):107-134.

External links

What is Neoliberalism? by Dag Einar Thorsen and Amund Lie of the University of Oslo
Neoliberalism: origins, theory, definition by Paul Treanor
A Skeptic's Guide to the Cross-national Evidence by D Rodrik, F Rodriguez. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 2000.
The Last Development Crusade
ATTAC
"Monetarism" at The New School's Economics Department's History of Economic Thought website.
Adam Curtis' The Trap (television documentary series) (2007) provides a critical anti-managerial view on the genesis, rise, and impact of neoliberalism. It uses a history of ideas approach to the subject.
'Rescuing the Middle Ground: Neoliberalism and Associational Socialism', debate between neoliberal and socialist
IDENTITIES: How Governed, Who Pays?

Online Lectures

The Neoliberal City, David Harvey at the University Channel

Neoliberalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neoliberalism is a label for economic liberalism. Neoliberalism refers to a historically-specific reemergence of economic liberalism 's influence among economic scholars and policy ...

Neoliberalism in international relations - Wikipedia, the free ...
In the study of international relations, neoliberalism refers to a school of thought which believes that nation-states are, or at least should be, concerned first and foremost with ...

Spinning neoliberalism|15Mar08|Socialist Worker
Special » Reports of 16 & 17 July, public sector strikes and rallies » Reports of 24 April, Fightback Thursday strikes and rallies. Updates newsfeed

CorpWatch : What is Neoliberalism?
Neo-liberalism'' is a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last 25 years or so. Although the word is rarely heard in the United States, you can ... What ...

University of Glasgow :: CPPR :: ESRC neoliberalism seminar
ESRC neoliberalism seminar Neoliberalism is characterised by an antipathy towards state involvement in economic exchange and an emphasis on the benefits of market forces.

International Socialism: Theorising neoliberalism
Theorising neoliberalism. Issue: 117 Posted: 18 December 07 Chris Harman. A new word 1 entered the vocabulary of the left in November 1999 with the momentous protest against the ...

Amazon.co.uk: A Brief History of Neoliberalism: David Harvey: Books
Amazon.co.uk: A Brief History of Neoliberalism: David Harvey: Books ... A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Paperback) by David Harvey (Author) "For any way of thought to become ...

Amazon.co.uk: Evil Paradises: Dreamworlds of Neoliberalism: Mike Davis ...
Amazon.co.uk: Evil Paradises: Dreamworlds of Neoliberalism: Mike Davis, Daniel Bertrand Monk: Books ...

Bristol University | News from the University | Neoliberalism research
The process that has led neoliberalism - a natural, inevitable result of economic efficiency - is a research area of particular interest to Adam Tickell, Professor of Human ...

Neoliberalism: origins, theory, definition.
Attempts to summarise the topic as a philosophy, not simply as an economic issue.